Why is it more effective to study with the help of a computer. How does a smartphone help you learn? Computers in education

The computer and the Internet help in the work, and it is foolish to deny their significant role. People are rapidly immersing themselves in the virtual world, having appreciated its advantages, and the young population of the planet, easily perceiving everything new and advanced, is already ready for an irrevocable transition to distance education. But why is remote learning (including with the help of video courses) not always effective? Today we will try to find the answer to this question.

Modern technologies are necessary for a person, like a wheel, an electric light bulb and other benefits of civilization. The computer and the Internet help in the work, and it is foolish to deny their significant role. People are rapidly immersing themselves in the virtual world, appreciating its advantages, and the young population of the planet, easily perceiving everything new and advanced, is already ready for an irrevocable transition to distance education. Note that the desire of young people to transfer classes and audiences to the monitor is supported by some of the older generation, among whom there are even luminaries of modern pedagogy.

Is it possible to indulge a kid who does not know how to speak properly, but who already knows the basics of a PC enough to “turn on” his favorite game or cartoon, in the desire to fall asleep with a tablet in his hands? Why do thousands of schoolchildren of the last decade hardly master their speech skills, or, worse, express themselves in a set of vulgarisms, interspersed with distorted foreign words? Why do students, having received a "brilliant" education in prestigious universities, sometimes in another hemisphere, and without looking up from the couch, do not work in their specialty, and those who managed to find a use for their diploma are not able to build normal relationships in the team?

Finding answers to these questions is very difficult. Much easier to answer the question why remote learning(including with the help of video courses) is not always effective. Which is exactly what we are trying to do today.

Motivation as the basis for successful remote learning

Recall the example of M.V. Lomonosov, which clearly demonstrates the desire for knowledge in spite of everything. Now try to look for children in the immediate environment with the same thirst for knowledge. There are few who "according to their own and God's will" strive to become "reasonable and great". And Nikolai Nekrasov's poem "Schoolboy", dedicated to the great Russian scientist, will be more quickly remembered by an elderly person who received a secondary education in the Soviet period, without the use of modern teaching technologies.

At the same time, there are many children who strive to get a good grade so that their parents give them a new phone, a bicycle, or other “necessary” things. Yes, and adults sometimes study not in order to master the profession to perfection, but in order to get a higher salary or position. The desire not to earn money, but to get a good grade, by any possible means, gets in the way of self-improvement.

Questions for reflection: why the beginning of the twentieth century, in the absence of modern computer technology, was marked by several dozen discoveries and inventions of Russian scientists and designers, and for the same period at the beginning of the twenty-first century, with the help of computer technology their number has more than doubled? Do technologies help in improving a person and his desire for knowledge, new discoveries, or, by simplifying their lives by pressing buttons, people have ceased to passionately strive for new heights?

Some educators, supporting the idea of computerization and Americanization of education, motivate their point of view by the benefits that virtual learning brings, protecting students from stress during exams, the comfort of home learning conditions and saving budgetary funds for maintenance. educational institutions. Compare only the emotional state of the same performance seen in the theater and at home, on TV.

A comfortable environment and the desire to obtain material goods with minimal effort are contrary to the law of dialectics. This is what we have to think about, and we should not deprive people of the opportunity for personal contact of experiences due to failures, rejoicing in the event of natural success.

Objective and subjective control of the educational process

Which of the parents, at least once, has not encountered such problems:

The same can be said about students and adults who voluntarily and independently made the decision to receive additional education: the desire to conscientiously "gnaw the granite of science" does not always wake up. There are many objective and subjective reasons for such behavior, which reduces the quality of assimilation of educational material, but we are not talking about them.

Now let's try to imagine the student's behavior when the teacher presents the material, being in the "virtual looking glass", and the student himself subjectively cannot tune in to mastering the new material. It seems to him that he is listening attentively to the lecture, chewing his sandwich or talking on the phone. It is not difficult to guess what the effectiveness of such listening to a video course is. Unfortunately, not all people have developed the ability for absolute self-control, introspection and concentration.

Note that, being in a classroom or in an audience, the same pupils or students are unlikely to allow themselves such behavior in the presence of a teacher and classmates / fellow students. In addition, the collective learning process consists of such positive aspects as, for example, the spirit of competition, when each student / student can independently compare their academic success with the achievements of a group of people like him. In this case, there are more chances for self-mobilization and striving for success.

Name all the psychological aspects that create obstacles on the way to virtual learning on video courses, within the framework of a short article is difficult, but what has already been said is quite enough to draw conclusions about the influence of personal factors on the effectiveness of distance learning.

Most schools have a ban on the use of gadgets in the classroom. Teachers believe that students can play games, listen to music and chat in after school hours. Meanwhile, smartphones and tablets can become assistants in obtaining knowledge. So, almost three quarters of Moscow teenagers aged 16-18 use mobile devices in the classroom to access educational resources, Katerina Polivanova and Diana Koroleva found out during the study. They interviewed 3194 people. The results of the study were presented in the article "Social networks as a new practice in the development of urban adolescents" .

What is useful gadget

85% of the students surveyed told the researchers that their school does not allow the use of mobile devices in the classroom. Nevertheless, the pedagogical community should reconsider its attitude to gadgets, scientists say. There are several reasons for this.

Firstly, smartphones and tablets can no longer be deleted from the life of a modern teenager. Children simultaneously live in two worlds: real and virtual, even in the classroom. Teachers forbid it, but the children still go to PDAs.

These formats include, for example:

BYOD (Bring Your Own Device - “Bring your own device”). Students are encouraged to use their gadget in the classroom to search for information, watch videos.

Format advantages: Schoolchildren receive information in the form they are used to (through videos, articles, chats) and study more willingly. They are more confident in managing their own education and beyond the classroom.

Flipped classroom format. The study of the material and the performance of tasks takes place in the opposite sequence to the standard lesson. At home, the student views the theoretical part offered by the teacher via the Internet, often in multimedia format. During the lesson, there are practical tasks.

Format advantages: This frees up more time for teacher-student communication in the classroom and for group work. Sick students are more easily included in their studies: the video lecture contains all the necessary information on the topic. In addition, you can always return to such a resource on the eve of exams.

E-learning: e-learning. These are no longer separate technologies, but the creation of a holistic environment that includes learning using mobile devices (mobile learning, or m-learning) and learning based on Internet technologies (web-based training, WBT).

Format advantages: You can study remotely: consult and get grades. Self-education is also possible, for example, through massive open online courses - MOOCs (see).

Children choose pocket computers

Teens are more likely to go online through personal devices, even at home. This was the answer of 50% of the respondents. Another 25% equally often use gadgets and a desktop computer to access the Internet.

Against the background of brand new smartphones and tablets, school computers and laptops (often outdated) lose a lot. They do not provide the communication and information retrieval capabilities that personal devices have. Yes, and access to school technology is often only in computer science lessons. A smartphone is always at hand.

In such a situation, it is a sin for the school not to take advantage of the useful options of children's PDAs. Moreover, most schoolchildren use smartphones to solve several problems at the same time. So, 70% of respondents said that they use this device during the lesson for games, communication in social networks and listening to music. And exactly the same number - 70% - use the gadget in the classroom to view educational content. (These were two different questions, not an answer to one question - about the purpose of using smartphones).

In fact, guys with smartphones simply transfer to school their usual "format" of multitasking - combining different types activities. Today, even preschoolers can watch cartoons on the computer, play games on the phone and listen to music at the same time. Several channels of perception work at once, and life is not divided into online and offline.

Parallel reality

Online life (for example, being on social networks) should not be considered a “separate territory” for adolescents, scientists have found. On the contrary, online and offline communication flow into each other. For children, in any case, there is no sharp “watershed” here.

During the study, schoolchildren were asked to keep a diary of online and offline events. The first group included episodes when the child used a gadget or computer (surfed the Internet, communicated in social networks, etc.). The second group listed events that were not associated with any devices.

"Online activity, whether it's browsing websites, listening to music or social networking, occurs in parallel with the presence at school in the classroom, with communication with parents, classmates and friends, walking and traveling by transport," the researchers found. Here is a typical example. “Usually, when I have breakfast, I ... pick up the phone and maybe play a game and eat at the same time,” the schoolgirl said.

However, there are some kind of "red zones" when a teenager himself refuses to escape to a parallel reality, the researchers specify. For example, if something important happens while talking with friends or there is an interesting/difficult lesson at school.

Devices do not reduce academic performance

The media often hears the idea that gadgets distract children during lessons, which affects academic performance. It would seem that this is logical. However, in the study, such a relationship (between student achievement and the intensity of using devices in the classroom) was not found.

Scientists have checked whether mobile phones, namely entertainment applications, are really “the prerogative of conditional C students”, who used to count crows in class, looked out the window, and are now immersed in their gadgets. But such a correlation has not been found, said Diana Koroleva. “Both excellent students, and good students, and three students, when they get bored, switch to the smartphone screen,” the researcher notes. “Guys also use the device to find educational information.” That is, all teenagers in this regard are “mobile and autonomous,” sums up the Queen.

Only the participants of the Olympiads stand somewhat apart. They are less likely to look at smartphones in class, as they are preparing for subject Olympiads and are maximally involved in learning in class.

Veto on tablets slows down progress

Against the backdrop of the constant presence of gadgets in the lives of children, the school hardly notices the useful features of mobile devices. This conservatism affects three critical aspects of school life:

relations between students and teachers suffer, children perceive school worse and want to study less. Bans on smartphones, in fact, demonstrate the separation of the school from reality, the unwillingness to engage in dialogue with students. Children, for their part, learn to ignore school rules. Their alienation from school is growing.
innovation in education is stalling. Teachers who use new teaching technologies in the classroom turn out to be "black sheep" in the teaching team. They find it difficult to work.
education is slowly changing for the better.

At the same time, there are some signs of a change in the position of the school. Teachers and students are more likely to use e-mail to communicate, teachers set homework that needs to be done online or using the Internet, the researchers noted.

Instruction

If you are one of those people and it is vital for you, but there is no time or opportunity to attend training courses, first of all, do not worry. Absolutely any sane person can master a computer and know the individual programs necessary for work. Of course, for this you will have to put in enough effort and time, but the result will certainly be successful.

Remember that a computer cannot be mastered theoretically, i.e. only on books and or video courses. To learn how to work on it, you must deal with it immediately and directly: turn it on every day and study its capabilities. Don't be intimidated or upset if at first everything seems incomprehensible. This feeling will quickly pass in the process of work. It is best if you have a person next to you who can explain something during the study. But even if there is no such mentor, it is quite possible to master.

If you have no working skills at all, you will need a good tutorial or video tutorial. A suitable one can be bought at a store selling educational literature and computer programs. Choose the most simple textbook, where all the material is presented in an elementary way. Pay attention to the number of illustrations. The more of them in the book, the easier it will be for you to work.

If you decide to choose any video training course, make sure that you have an assistant who will help you install the course on your computer and explain how to turn it on and off correctly. When working with the course, try to complete all the proposed tasks sequentially, without trying to master all the material at once in one volume.

The most basic things you should learn first: how to properly turn on and off the computer, how to load a text editor and type simple text in it, how to surf the Internet and work with e-mail. Also, try to master the work with Internet search engines from the first stages of training. This will help you a lot in finding the information you need. But when surfing the Internet, try to avoid dangerous sites and never neglect the recommendations of your antivirus program.

Every person who buys a computer for personal use dreams of learning the basics quickly. As a rule, there are many ways to teach computer literacy. You can master the basics of working on a computer either by yourself (using the "poke" method) or with someone else's help. The quickest way is to study someone else's lessons and practice on what you have learned. There are also other ways: more or less effective.

You will need

Methods of teaching computer literacy.

Instruction

Among the abundance of courses, lessons, teachers and other learning opportunities, you need to choose the method that suits you best.
Books. This is the oldest source of information. Modern books reveal any questions about the proper use of a. Surely you have seen these on the shelves of bookstores: "Computer for", "Computer from A to Z", etc. But here you have a small problem - reading a book takes up a large amount of your time. If you are in no hurry to learn, then this option is for you.

Disks. Modern multimedia publications allow you to quickly master the material by watching video. The principle of learning is quite simple: they watched the lesson and immediately repeated it on their computer. The downside is the presence in such. It also needs to be read, and the process of reading from the screen can cause eye discomfort for some users.

The "ask a friend" method and the "scientific poke" method. It is the most common type of training for teenagers and not only. All training costs you free of charge, but at your own risk.

Individual training. This method is considered the most effective. Tutoring has always been considered the highest degree of education. Your teacher will tell you in detail about every little thing, and if you do not understand, he will tell you this material again.

The ability to work on a computer is a prerequisite for almost any modern profession. But even if you can do without a computer at work, a PC at home can also be very useful. With it, you can access the Internet, run media files (movies, music, etc.), create and print text and graphic documents, play computer games. Learning how to work on a computer is not as difficult as it seems when you first meet a PC.

You will need

Computer, textbook, computer programs

Instruction

Sign up for computer. They pass, like, in the evenings or on weekends. The teacher will show how to work with the system unit and monitor, run programs and work with Internet programs, email client, programs such as ICQ, Skype and more.

Buy works on the computer. There are a huge number of different manuals designed to help novice users master the world of computer programs. In tutorials given step by step instructions to help you learn how to work on a PC. The only thing you need is a computer, perseverance, patience and free time.

Ask a friend to help you learn computer programs. Of course, with a request it is better to turn to a confident PC user. It usually takes only a few hours to master the basic programs and study the algorithm of working on a computer. Then you will be able to comprehend the basics of working on a computer on your own.

note

Not everyone is able to do it on their own. If several attempts to master the computer did not lead to anything, it is better to seek help from an authoritative source, be it a book, a friend or a teacher.

Helpful advice

Spend as much time as possible on your PC. The more you train in practice, the faster you will achieve a positive result.

In today's world, children are very early attached to the computer. We are no longer surprised by one-year-old babies who show an increased interest in technology. From an early age, children strive to acquire knowledge that will be useful to them in the future. Therefore, it is important to teach your child how to use a computer.

Instruction

Show your child how to turn the computer on and off. Emphasize that the computer is a work tool that you can use to get things done.

A computer chair for a child should be with a regulator. Make sure that the distance between the baby's eyes and the monitor is at least 60 centimeters. Check your posture. The hands should be at the level of the elbows. Computer lessons of junior preschool should not last longer than 10 minutes.

Children of the elder preschool age can already learn simple manipulations with the mouse. Show me how to use it. Watching your actions, the child will quickly master the way to control the mouse. By moving the mouse, he will see the movement of the cursor on the monitor screen.

Studying the keyboard, explain to the child the purpose of the keys on it. Show "hot" keys, tell in what cases to use them.

Let the child look at the desktop on the monitor. Have your child try highlighting folders with a mouse click. Create a folder with your baby. Learn to move a folder, open it.

Familiarize your child with a graphic editor, where he can draw by controlling the mouse. Having learned the letters, the baby will be able to print syllables and words.

Show how to use the floppy drive and flash drive. Teach your child to be careful with discs. Buy educational games on discs. A huge number of such programs will allow you to expand the horizons of the baby, develop his analytical skills.

Do not forget that there are games for every age. Always review new discs yourself first. After completing classes with the baby, show how to properly and correctly turn off the computer. Take care of the password to turn on the computer.

Remember that the time spent by the child at the computer will never replace outdoor games. The computer should become a teaching aid and helper for the child in the future.

A computer is a tool for solving various problems. In order for him to understand your commands, you must learn the "language" in which he "speaks". Give the machine unambiguous and understandable settings.

Instruction

Remember the universal rule when working at a computer: first you need to select an object (file, text), then specify what action you want to perform on it. This system rule has practically no exceptions.

Find the “My Computer” folder on the screen and open it by double-clicking on it with the left mouse button. Access Windows Help by pressing the F1 key on your keyboard. The same button calls up help in any program. So you get the opportunity to find all the information you are interested in in the help system.

In the search box, enter the text "Windows keyboard shortcuts". Locate the "Windows keyboard shortcuts overview" section. Print out the pages of this section, memorize. If you use hotkeys instead of a mouse, this will save you several times when working at a computer.

Find Peter Norton working at the computer. Its first edition was called The IBM PC Hardware and Software Organization. Use it to study the device and principles of operation of computers, get acquainted with the history of personal computers. You can skip places that are difficult to understand. Later editions include sections on learning about Windows and Microsoft Office software.

Books from Microsoft Press will also help you learn Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office. The authors of the books were directly involved in the development of these operating systems and their applications.

The arsenal of computer tools for solving problems is not very large. Therefore, having studied this or that technique, try to apply it to solving another problem. Build analogies.

To master the skill of ten-finger typing on the keyboard, download and install the Keyboard Solo program, authored by psychologist and journalist V.V. Shahidzhanyan. Once you have completed all 100 exercises in the course, you will be able to type quickly without looking at the keyboard, which will save you a lot of time when working at a computer.

1. How do you approach the learning process

Many see learning as a necessity rather than something that is fun and broadens their horizons. It is very important how you approach what you do. To study effectively, you need the right mindset.

If you find it difficult to force yourself to tune in to study, then try to just postpone it. If something is happening in your life that distracts you, then first you need to deal with it, and then you can devote all your attention to gaining knowledge.

Ways to help you make the right choice:

While studying, try to think positively, remind yourself of your skills and abilities;
avoid catastrophic thinking: do not think that everything is bad for you and you will never have enough time for something, accept the fact that you do not have much time, but you will still have time to complete most of the planned;
yourself with others, your skills are unique and only you can fully realize them.

2. Choose the right place

You need a place where you can concentrate on the task at hand. For example, if you study in a dorm, then you may be constantly distracted by a computer, TV, or conversations with a roommate.

Effective learning requires concentration! Library or quiet coffee shop - good places for study. Try to diversify the environment, find out where you are best able to maintain concentration.

3. Take with you only what you need, nothing more

For example, some people take their laptop with them to take extra notes, but this can be a big distraction. The computer is too versatile: you can go into the game, check your social networks, watch videos - all this is rarely associated with the learning process. Ask yourself if you really need a laptop. Perhaps a notepad and pen will suffice.

4. Take notes and write down your notes

When you read study material, try to summarize it briefly. Your outline should not consist of text clippings, you should write down the main thoughts and concepts in your own words.

Using additional senses when learning helps you absorb information. When writing down something, you turn on the mechanical one, you can also pronounce your notes to connect your hearing.

5. Use memory games (mnemonics)

It is a memorization method associated with the creation of associations. For example, the phrase "every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits" helps to remember all the colors of the rainbow. The point is to come up with an association that is easy to remember and will remind you of more complex information.

6. Practice on your own or with friends

Practice is an important part of learning. You can apply the information on your own or group up with your friends. You can give yourself an exam or a quiz. If you are in a group, then it should be small, a maximum of 4-5 people.

7. Make a schedule you can stick to

Do not make learning something that you will do when you have a free minute. Create a schedule for you to follow. Instead of spending 5 minutes a day studying, set aside study for one 30-60 minute gap. You will start progressing much faster. This is the key to effective learning.

8. Take breaks and reward yourself

It is important to take regular breaks during class. Divide your study time into segments that are convenient for you. Also divide study materials into sections. For example, you can study one chapter at a time and then take a short break.

If you achieve your goals, then reward yourself for it. Treat yourself to something tasty, go for a walk. Find the reward that will suit you.

9. Maintain health and balance in life

The better the balance in your life, the easier it becomes for you to live. If you spend most of your time on or games, you will notice that you exit the . You lose focus, learning becomes more difficult. Find balance in your life and take care of your health. Stick to proper nutrition, exercise regularly.

Don't forget to learn all your life

Studying is not just about passing an exam. Effective learning is the process of obtaining knowledge that you can then apply in practice. Remember: there is no superfluous knowledge!

Computers have largely become an integral part of our lives. Particularly in the field of education, their use is quite varied.

Over the years, computers have changed how the world works. They have proven their effectiveness not only for the corporate sector, but also in other sectors such as medicine, architecture, communications, research, sports and education. It is these machines that were once used only in research labs and government offices that have now become commonplace in schools around the world. Today, computers have touched the lives of many students living in a remote part of our planet.

There is no denying the fact that computers completely control the life of the average student in every corner of the world, whether in the form of handheld devices or printed textbooks (thanks to the use of computers in printing).

Computers have changed the way we work, in every profession. Therefore, it is quite natural that the role of computers in education is given great importance especially in recent years. Computers play an important role in every field. They help industrial processes, find applications in medicine; are the reason why software industries develop and thrive, and they play an important role in education. Given the use of computer technology in almost all areas of life, it is important for every person to have at least a basic knowledge of using computers. Let's look at the role computer technology plays in education.

Computers in education

Computer technology has a profound impact on the education sector. Thanks to computers, education has become easier and much more interesting than before. They provide fast data processing with very little chance of processing errors. Networked computers help fast communication and web access. Storing documents on computers in electronic form helps save paper.

Of all the advantages of computers in education, primarily include:

Data storage
Fast data processing
Audiovisual in teaching
Better presentation information
Internet access
Fast communication between students, teachers and parents

Computer and interactive learning play a key role in education. Computer technology integrated into modern system education.

e-learning

Let's start by stating the obvious. Without computers, learning will be limited within the walls of institutions. The best way to make education accessible to all is with computers. Working professionals, retirees, and many others can benefit from online education. E-learning is affordable and affordable, whether you're a professional student to hone your management skills or a college student looking to learn a foreign language.

Computers gave impetus to distance education

Online education has revolutionized the education industry. Computer technology has made the dream of distance learning a reality. Education is no longer limited to classrooms and classrooms. Physically distant places have been able to get closer due to the availability of the Internet. So, even if students and teachers are in different rooms, they can interact very well with each other. There are many online learning courses where students are not required to attend classes or be physically present at the lecture. They can learn about them from the comfort of their homes and adjust the time according to their convenience.

Making learning more interesting

We all know how to learn about the depth of the Mariana Trench in geography class, but it can be a bit uninteresting for young children. However, by introducing the audiovisual teaching method, computers have made education more interesting. Like communication systems, education is changing for the better - computers have made our children more curious.

Computers improve the presentation of information

Computers contribute to the effective presentation of information. Presentation software such as PowerPoint and animation software such as Flash can be of great help to the teacher during lectures. Computers facilitate the audiovisual presentation of information, which makes the learning process interactive and interesting. Computer learning adds an entertaining element to education. Today, teachers practically do not use chalk and blackboard. They bring presentations on a flash drive, plug it into the classroom computer, and the learning begins. There is Color, there is sound, there is movement - the same old information comes out differently and learning becomes more fun. Otherwise, not very interesting lessons become interesting thanks to audiovisual effects. With visual aids, difficult subjects can be explained in more effective ways. Everything becomes easier thanks to the use of computers in education.

Bring the world closer

Expand creative possibilities

Computers help students bring their assignments and projects to life. The use of computers is well established in almost every field, from the botanical sciences to the fine arts.

Computer source of knowledge

The Internet is now what libraries once were. In addition, it is easier to access, more convenient and a fairly reliable source of information. Computers have now turned from bulky devices into portable ones, students receive information literally at their fingertips.

It is easier for students to turn to the Internet than to look for information in thick books. The learning process went beyond the prescribed textbooks. The Internet is a much larger and easier way to access a wealth of information. When it comes to storing extracted information, it's easier to store it on computers than it is to keep handwritten notes.

There is information about literally everything on the Internet, and computer technology makes it easy to access. The Internet can play an important role in education. Since this is a huge information base that can be used to extract information on a variety of topics. Both teachers and students can benefit from it. Teachers can refer to it for more information and links to topics to be taught. Students can refer to web sources for more information on topics that interest them. The Internet helps teachers set tests, homework and contact students' parents.

Reducing bureaucracy

The computers have more or less eliminated the documents in the education administration section. Through websites, we can do away with printed brochures, application forms, permits and other administrative documents through electronic procedures that are cost effective and environmentally friendly. Tests have also become online, making assessment procedures easy for teachers and educators.

Computers enable efficient data storage

Computer hard drives and storage devices are a great way to store data. Computers use the storage of data in electronic format, thereby saving paper. This gives them the ability to store huge amounts of data. In addition, these devices are compact. They take up less space but store large amounts of data. Both teachers and students benefit from the use of computer technology. Presentations, notes, documents can be stored and transferred easily through computer storage devices. Similarly, students can submit homework and assignments electronically. The process becomes paperless, thereby saving paper. Plus, in electronic format, data storage becomes more reliable. Electronically erasable memories can be reused. They offer efficient solutions for data storage and reliable retrieval.

It was about the role of computers in education. But we know that computers have not only affected the education sector. They are of great use in every field. Today, life without computers is unthinkable. This highlights the importance of computer education. With knowledge of computers, you can move your career in the right direction. Computers are part of almost every industry today. They are used on the web, to access information and store data, and to process and present information. It would not be an exaggeration to say that computer learning is as fundamental as the study of the Russian language and mathematics.